What Are Hela Cells And How Were They First Obtained

What are HeLa cells and how were they first obtained? HeLa cells are the first immortal human cells. These cells came from Henrietta Lacks’ cervix before she died. 2) Why are HeLa cells unusual? HeLa cells â€Å"reproduce an entire generation every 24 hours.† These cells have been around for many years. 3) Discuss 2-3 scientific studies that have utilized HeLa cells. Although Henrietta’s cells came from her tumor when she suffered from cancer, her cells have helped create different medicines for many diseases. HeLa cells have developed medications for Influenza, Herpes, Leukemia, Hemophilia and Parkinson’s disease. Her cells have also been used in studies referring to lactose digestion, human longevity, sexually transmitted diseases and more. 4) Why are HeLa cells controversial? Doctors had removed the cells without permission from the Lacks family or Henrietta herself. They were propagated and more than 20 years later Henrietta’s family lear ned about this situation. 5) Who was Henrietta Lacks? Henrietta Lacks was a poor, African American farmer, a mother of 5, and wife who suffered from cervical cancer. Her cells have helped change the world of medicine. 6) What is the feeling of her family about the use of HeLa cells? The Lacks family was not informed that Henrietta’s cells were being used in research. They learned this 25 years later and theyShow MoreRelatedResearch Papet1558 Words   |  7 Pages(Henrietta Lacks)HeLa Cell Lines Medical researchers use laboratory-grown human cells to learn the intricacies of how cells work and test theories about the causes and treatment of diseases. The cell lines they need are â€Å"immortal†Ã¢â‚¬â€they can grow indefinitely, be frozen for decades, divided into different batches and shared among scientists. In 1951, a scientist at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, created the first immortal human cell line with a tissue sample taken from a young blackRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks By Rebecca Skloot Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I first began reading the book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, written by Rebecca Skloot, I expected it to only be about the science behind HeLa cells, which I didn’t find particularly exciting. Except, I was proven very wrong. I have not been able to put this book down, for Rebecca Skloot is a remarkable writer who entices the reader with the emotional story of Henrietta Lacks and her family. It is true that there were quite a few scientific studies included within this book, but theyRead MoreThe Invention Of The Polio Vaccine920 Words   |  4 PagesWe all have been exposed, healed, or touched by the cells of a woman whose name we never knew. Her name was Henrietta Lacks. She was an African-American woman who died of an aggressive form of cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins in 1951. Her cells were taken without her consent nor the consent of her family members after her death and used for research from the effects of cosmetics to the formation of the polio vaccine. The cells, tagged as â€Å"HeLa† by the scientist who received them at Johns HopkinsRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks1573 Words   |  7 Pagesstory about the revolutionary HeLa cancer cells is told through the lives of the Lacks family and the multiple scientists and doctors that were part of one of the greatest breakthroughs of medical research in the twentieth century. The tale of the in famous and immortal HeLa cells was not just a scientific one, but one that involved struggle, confusion, ethical transgressions, and legal issues. Skloot writes about the life of Henrietta Lacks and her immortal cancer cells as well as her own researchRead MorePsy305 Ethical Principles1361 Words   |  6 Pages(Loretta) Pleasant, born in August of 1920 in Roanoke, VA, was an African American woman who was raised by her grandfather in a small cabin on a plantation. At the age of 14, she gave birth to her first child, a son, followed by a daughter four years later. She married the father of her children, her first cousin David Lacks, shortly thereafter. After having moved to Maryland for work, the couple had three other children. The last, Joseph, was born in November of 1950, and two months later, in JanuaryRead MoreImportance Of Consent And Its Effects On Medical History931 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mid-1900’s that anyone started really investigating how medical researche r obtained their materials thus their unethical practices were discovered. Doctors took patient’s samples for research as â€Å"payment† for the treatment without asking for consent. It has been proposed that everyone should donate tissue samples out of obligation to allow scientist the chance to make further advancements, and the patients will be compensated based on how significant the breakthrough is. David Korn, vice provostRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks1883 Words   |  8 Pagessprung of immortal HeLa cells’ exploitation. The research involving HeLa cells has changed the landscape of medical study, leading to scientific and medical breakthroughs that continues today. HeLa cells were vital for developing the polio vaccine; uncovered secrets of breast cancer and leukemia; helped lead to important advances in vitro fertilization, cloning, genetic hybrids, gene mapping in virology, scientific standards, live cell transport, for profit distributi on of cells, space biology, salmonellaRead MoreWe Are Enjoying Your Day Off1509 Words   |  7 Pagessay I am not looking forward to the clean up as snow predictions are well beyond what was originally anticipated. I know many of you are using this time to prepare and reflect for another day of teaching. Today, I am thinking about our students and content exposure and would like to share. Please don t take this as a statement that we are not doing something, rather take it as a statement of getting better at what we do. Each day, Dr. Bongo shares a black history fact that many of you are sharingRead MoreStem Cell Research603 Words   |  2 PagesStem cell research is a controversial topic and this paper will talk about both sides of the controversy. The controversy started back in 1998 when the first successful culturing of human embryonic stem cells was performed. The research surrounding stem cells has been the center of a huge debate mainly because of ethics and morals. A stem cell is an immature cell (not a full human yet) that has the potential to become specialized into different types of cells throughout the body. There areRead MoreReflective Paper On Henrietta Lacks3537 Words   |  15 Pagesstory behind the HeLa cells. This book was written by Rebecca Skloot who got interested in HeLa cells while sitting in her biology class. The book is not just about HeLa cells, it is a great material to see the life of the HeLa cell’s donor, Henrietta Lacks, and the HeLa cells impact on modern medicine as well as the Lacks family and their life long struggles to make peace with the existence of those cells (Skloot, 2011). Ethics  is the study of right and wrong. It explores what one might do when

Issues in Multi Cultural Education Free Essays

To date, only a handful of studies have empirically investigated the relationship between school locations and their constituencies. Taller. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Multi Cultural Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2001). The students that are living in the low income areas of Richmond are more diverse than the ones that are living in the counties that surround the city. For instance, Houghton High School located in one of the low income areas of Richmond County has a Ninety Two Percent minority rate among there attending students. U. S. News and world report (2014). Fifty Six percent of the student population at Houghton High is economically disadvantaged. U. S. News and world report. (2014). Over half of the students that attend this high school receives free lunch. REV News. (2014). In 2013 while hosting the third annual white house science fair President Obama spoke on how one of his main focuses as president has been how to create an all-hands-on- deck approach to the STEM curriculum. The White House. (2014). This curriculum includes science, technology, engineering, and math. The White House. (2014). He also mentions how â€Å"We need to make this a priority to train an army of new teachers in these subject areas, and to make sure that all of us as a country are lifting up these subjects for the respect that they deserve. † The White House (2014). Right outside the Richmond County school district still located in Richmond State is Henries County. Located about 20 Minutes away from Houghton High is Deep Run High School which is part of the Henries County public school district.. Deep Run High School in contrast to Houghton High has a twenty percent minority rate. SKI 2 Guides (2014). The Majority of the students that attend Deep Run High School are white. KEY Guides (2014). Only about two percent of the students who attend this school participate in the free lunch program. KEY Guides (2014). These students also rank eighty nine percent in proficiency in math. U. S. News. (2014). The annual per pupil expenditure in Henries County Public Schools is 9,650 per pupil in 2013. Henries County Public Schools. (2014). The annual per pupil expenditure in Richmond County Public Schools is 11,218. Richmond County Public Schools. (2014). This proves that it the inequities do not lie in the shortage of money being provided by the local and federal funds. Individuals from families that are still together completed, on average, more years of school and are also more likely to graduate from high school, attend college, and complete college compared to students raised in blended or ingle-parent families. Family Facts (2014). Their parents have more involvement in their school activities and have higher expectations for them. Family Facts. 2014). The answer then to closing the gap on students’ performance in school has to start with a program to inspire low income families to stay together and build a strong support system for one another to be successful. The Strengthening Families Program (SSP) is a nationally and internationally recognized parenting and family strengthening program for high-risk and regular families. Strengthening Families Program. (2014). This program teac hes parents and students with broken home valuable skills that can increase their chances for success. It also has been shown to reduce problem behaviors, delinquency, and alcohol and drug abuse in children and to improve social competencies and school performance. Strengthening Families Program. (2014). Past research reported that teenage males from minority groups often engage more in high-risk behaviors at school such as weapon possession, gang involvement, and fighting than any other group. Marsh, T. Y. , Cornell, D. G. (2001). The Strengthening families program’s take home DVD had ten thirty minute sessions for parents and students to watch together. These DVD’s can be viewed at the discretion of the family preferably once a week. The Strengthening Families Program is an excellent tool to use to help aid in situations where families are in low income single parent or poverty stricken situations. Grappling with the issues of equity and excellence has become ever more complex solutions seem more and more remote as the divides between socioeconomic groups become greater and greater, and ethnic diversity of the student population continues to present ever-increasing stress on the educational system. Callahan, C. M. (2003). Because of inequalities students that attend school in Henries, Chester field and surrounding counties are receiving a higher level of education than the students that attend school in certain parts of Richmond. Whether or not they are income based, minority based, or Just lack of good parenting. The fact still remains that there is a dish connect between students that are being raised in such a close proximity. How can people on one side of the tracks sit around and watch students on the other side of the tracts do so poorly in school? This problem is deeply rooted in the community as well as in the individual family unit. Through the implementation of people that care and some programs that could aid in recovery one day we will all be able to stand hand and hand and succeed as a whole. How to cite Issues in Multi Cultural Education, Papers

Physics Review Essay Example For Students

Physics Review Essay The pressure applied on one part of container with fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. V Pressure on one side is equal to the pressure on the other side of hydraulic press and lift Pascal Law: The pressure exerted anywhere in a mass of confined liquid is transmitted undiminished in all directions throughout the liquid. Equation for Pascals Principle: AY AY Problems: 1. The large piston in a hydraulic lift has an area of 250 com. What force must be applied to the small piston with an area of 25 com in order to raise a car of mass 1 500 xv 2. A trash compactor pushes down with a force of 500 N on a 3 com input piston, causing a force of 30,000 N to crush the trash. What is the area of the output piston that crushes the trash? 3. When the button of a trash compactor is pushed, a force of 350 N pushes down on a 1. 3 com input piston, creating a force of 22,076 N to crush the trash. What is the area of the piston that crushes the trash? 4. Mr.. Sharron is raising a keg car on his hydraulic lift. If the area of the input piston is CACM, while the area of the output piston is 630 com, what force must be exerted on the input piston to lift the car? II. Buoyancy: apparent loss of weight of objects net upward force exerted by the fluid causes floatation > when FEB. is greater than the constant throughout the same fluid increases when density of fluid increases weight of the object equal to the difference of weight of object in air and weight of object in liquid Problem: 1. The weight of the object is 3 N. It is placed in a tan of water. The water exerts 5 N net upward force on the object. Will the object float? 2. A block of metal weighs 5 N when suspended in air. When placed in water, it weighs 3 N. How much buoyant force acts on the metal? Will the object float? Ill. Archimedes Principle: States that the buoyant force acting on the object submerged in a certain fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid Volume of displaced fluid = volume of the object Immersed: part of the object is in fluid Submerged: total body of the object is in fluid Examples: 1. The buoyant force acted upon by the fluid is 14 N. What is the value of the weight of the object? What is the value of the weight of the displaced fluid? 2. When a block of wood is immersed in a basin of water, the weight of the displaced water is 2 N. How much is the buoyant force acting on the wood? The volume of the metal bar is 1000 com. How much volume of water will be displaced by bar? AN. How much is the buoyant force acting on the wood? IV. Principle of Floatation: A floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight Object floats when its density is less than the density of the fluid where it its immersed. Example: bamboo> 300 keg / mm f loats in water (-?1000 keg / mm ) v Object sinks when its density is greater than the density of the fluid where it its bar of gold> 19 300 keg/ mm sinks in water (-?1000 keg / mm ) Three Rules: 1. Fluid>Abject = FLOAT 2. Fluid metals> Insulation 2. Convection Transmission of heat slows the transfer of heat, not prevent ; Hot air is less dense, it rises. Cold air is denser, it goes down. ; Tendencies of hot air to rise and of cool air to sink > Heaters = near the floor; air-conditioning outlets = near the ceiling maximum efficiency. 3. Radiation Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves No contact needed All objects emit radiation depending on their temperature. The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of energy emitted. ; All substances are capable of absorbing radiation. E cube continuously emitting radiant energy melts if an incandescent lamp is focused on it > absorbing a greater amount of heat than it is emitting ; good absorbers are good emitters; poor absorbers are poor emitters ; White or shiny objects reflect most radiant energy and are bad absorbers. Dark, matter, or black objects are good absorbers and poor reflectors. Internal Energy the total energy possessed by a body sum of all the energies possessed by all of the molecules in an object > potential energy due to forces acting on the molecules and due to their separation XIII. Phase Changes: 2. .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c , .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .postImageUrl , .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c , .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c:hover , .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c:visited , .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c:active { border:0!important; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c:active , .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5fb7c8eab122868b7a8feb27c424b07c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Religion Essay ExampleCondensation -Change of state from gas to liquid 3. Evaporation -Change of state from liquid to gas 4. Melting -Change of state from solid to liquid 5. Freezing/solidification -Change of state from liquid to solid Vaporization ; Change of state from liquid to gas ; Evaporation vaporization takes place at the surface of liquid ; Boiling below the surface of a liquid 1) Heat from the sun warms the surface of the water. 2) Some particles of water change state, from a liquid to a gas, due to energy (or heat) from the sun. ) These particles, called water vapor, then rise into the air. XIV. Temperature: v hotness or coldness of a body average value of the kinetic energy of the molecules v property of a body >tells the direction of heat flow v can be measured using a thermometer v instrument for measuring temperature; has thermal sensor and calibrations; v Has different scales Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin v Galileo credited for inventing the first thermometer Temperature Scales: Fahrenheit first created scale among the three v based on freezing and boiling point of water 2 OF: freezing point of water 212 OF: boiling point of water Unit : OF Celsius/Centigrade CO (pure water ) freezing point 100 co (pure water ) boiling point unit: co Kelvin v Introduced the concept of absolute zero >lowest possible temperature >substance has absolutely no energy to give up gases) Unit: K (Kelvin) (WHY? Kinetic theory of 1. The weatherman reports that today will reach a high of OFF. Your friend from Sweden asks what is the temperature in degrees Celsius. What value would you report to your friend? 2. Your parents order an oven from England. The temperature dial on the new oven is calibrated in degrees Celsius. If you need to bake a cake at OFF in the new oven, at what temperature should you set the dial? 3. A German automobiles engine temperature gauge reads in Celsius, not Fahrenheit. The engine temperature should not rise above about OFF. What is the corresponding Celsius temperature on this cars gauge? 4. Your grandmother in Ireland sends you her favorite cookie recipe. Her instructions say to bake the cookies at 190. ICC. To what Fahrenheit temperature would you set the oven to bake the cookies? END I=P/A log 10 (1/10)

Present Concept of Atom free essay sample

Subatomic particles Main article: Subatomic particle Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into smaller particles, in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles. The constituent particles of an atom are the electron, the proton and the neutron. However, the hydrogen-1 atom has no neutrons and a positive hydrogen ion has no electrons. The electron is by far the least massive of these particles at 9. 11? 10? 1 kg, with a negative electrical charge and a size that is too small to be measured using available techniques. [46] Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times that of the electron, at 1. 6726? 10? 27 kg, although this can be reduced by changes to the energy binding the proton into an atom. Neutrons have no electrical charge and have a free mass of 1,839 times the mass of electrons,[47] or 1. 6929? 10? 27 kg. Neutrons and protons have comparable dimensions—on the order of 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Present Concept of Atom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? 10? 15 m—although the surface of these particles is not sharply defined. [48] In the Standard Model of physics, both protons and neutrons are composed of elementary particles called quarks. The quark belongs to the fermion group of particles, and is one of the two basic constituents of matter—the other being the lepton, of which the electron is an example. There are six types of quarks, each having a fractional electric charge of either +2? or ? 1? 3. Protons are composed of two up quarks and one down quark, while a neutron consists of one up quark and two down quarks. This distinction accounts for the difference in mass and charge between the two particles. The quarks are held together by the strong nuclear force, which is mediated by gluons. The gluon is a member of the family of gauge bosons, which are elementary particles that mediate physical forces. [49][50]

Christmas Quotes From the Bible

Christmas Quotes From the Bible From a religious perspective, Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ in Bethlehem. Quotes from the Bible are staples at many holiday plays and pageants as young children are taught the story of baby Jesus. Bethlehem. Quotes from the Bible are staples at many holiday plays and pageants as young children are taught the story of baby Jesus. Biblical Christmas Quotes   Matthew 1:18-21This is how the birth of Jesus the Messiah came about: His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit. Because Joseph, her husband, was faithful to the law and yet  did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly. But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus  because he will save his people from their sins. Luke 2:4-7Joseph went up from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to Bethlehem the town of David because he belonged to the house and line of David. He went there to register with Mary, who was pledged to be married to him and was expecting a child. While they were there, the time came for the baby to be born, and she gave birth to her firstborn, a son. She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger  because there was no guest room available for them. Luke 1:35And the angel answered her, The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy- the Son of God. Isaiah 7:14Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel. Isaiah 9:6For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And he will be called Wonderful Counsellor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Micah 5:2But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come for me one who will be ruler over Israel, whose origins are from of old, from ancient times. Matthew 2:2-3The Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him. When King Herod heard this he was disturbed, and all Jerusalem with him. Luke 2:13-14And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God and saying, Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased!

Founding and History of the New Jersey Colony

Founding and History of the New Jersey Colony John Cabot was the first European explorer to come into contact with the New Jersey shore. Henry Hudson also explored this area as he searched for the northwest passage. The area that would later be New Jersey was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company gave Michael Pauw a patroonship in New Jersey. He called his land Pavonia. In 1640, a Swedish community was created in present-day New Jersey on the Delaware River. However, it is not until 1660 that the first permanent European settlement of Bergen was created.   The Motivation for Founding the New Jersey Colony In 1664, James, the Duke of York, received control of New Netherland. He sent a small English force to blockade the harbor at New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant surrendered to the English without a fight. King Charles II had granted the lands between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers to the Duke. He then granted land  to two of his friends, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, that would become New Jersey. The name of the colony comes from the Isle of Jersey, Carterets birthplace. The two advertised and promised settlers many benefits for colonizing including representative government and freedom of religion. The colony quickly grew. Richard Nicolls was made the governor of the area. He granted 400,000 acres to a group of Baptists, Quakers, and Puritans. These resulted in the creation of many towns including Elizabethtown and Piscataway. The Dukes Laws were issued that allowed for religious tolerance for all Protestants. In addition, a general assembly was created. Sale of West Jersey to the Quakers In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold his proprietorship to some Quakers. Carteret agrees to divide the territory so that those who bought Berkeleys proprietorship were given West Jersey while his heirs were given East Jersey. In West Jersey, a significant development was when the Quakers made it so that almost all adult males were able to vote.   In 1682, East Jersey was purchased by William Penn and a group of his associates and added with Delaware for administrative purposes. This meant that most of the land between the Maryland and New York colonies were administered by Quakers.   In 1702, East and West Jersey which were joined by the crown into one colony with an elected assembly.   New Jersey During the American Revolution   A number of major battles occurred within the New Jersey territory during the American Revolution. These battles included the Battle of Princeton, the Battle of Trenton, and the Battle of Monmouth.   Significant Events New Jersey is divided into East and West Jersey in 1674. It is reunited in 1702 when it becomes a royal colonyNew Jersey was the third state to ratify the ConstitutionNew Jersey was the first to ratify the Bill of Rights

Kristen Swansons Theory of Caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kristen Swansons Theory of Caring - Essay Example Kristen Swanson is the Dean of the school of nursing and a distinguished professor at the University of North Carolina at the Chapel Hill. Swanson got famous for her theory of caring. She developed the theory with intent of helping pregnant women who lose their pregnancy. The theory suggested that, in a situation where a nurse demonstrates that they care about a patient, the effect is as necessary to the patient as it could be had the nurse provided clinical activities to the patient (Grove et al, 2013). The clinical activities include preventing infections and administering medications. In the theory, Swanson referred to four phenomena that entail the field of nursing. These according to the theory are nursing, patient, health and an environment. The theory defined nursing as the informed caring of the well being of other people. It further defined patients as individuals who are in the process of becoming. The theory entailed five processes that should be followed when providing care to the patient. The five processes included knowing, being with, doing for, enabling and maintaining belief. The theory highlighted that each woman gets valued and treated as an individual while each midwife gets wholly committed to woman-centered care. Swanson described ‘knowing’ as the process of trying to understand a situation as it is in another person’s life. According to the process of knowing, one should not try to assume or conclude how another person feels without the evidence (Gottlieb, 2013). It should be evidence-based. The process involves getting inf ormation from the patient through personal experiences narrated by the patient as well as thorough testing done on the patient. The process of ‘being with’ according to the theory involves being there for or with the woman. The nurse should be in a position to be there for the woman. They should be able to provide the physical, psychological and emotional support to the woman. In order to achieve this, there should be effective communication between the woman and the nurse. The nurse should listen to the woman’s needs. Being with, according to the theory does not only entail being by the woman’s side physically. It also includes protecting and valuing her ideas. This can be achieved through accounting for every action taken in midwifery with evidence (Gottlieb, 2013). The third process according to the theory entails ‘doing for’. Doing for involves doing what the woman could have done to herself if she was in a position to do so. It involves identifying those activities that the woman cannot currently do for herself because of the situation that she is currently (Peter son & Bredow, 2009). This process can be viewed as the art of midwifery. It, therefore, comprises of all those activities undertaken by the nurse or midwife with an intention of making sure the woman has a successful delivery. The fourth process is enabling. This process can be described as the acts of trying to facilitate other people achieve what they wish in their life. It entails giving people power to do what they wish. In midwifery, the process involves making it

The Physics of Soccer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Physics of Soccer - Essay Example Dropped ball: It takes place when the referee has stopped the game for any other reasons for example interference by a party that is not from within, a serious injury to a player, or when a ball is going out of order. Generally there are many rules and regulations that should be adhered to. The association of football around the world has its governing body. The governing body that is recognised across the globe is FIFA. This is the body that is known to associate wit football in all over the world. Its headquarters are in Zurich and there are other bodies that are associated with this main body of football. These bodies are: Confederation of African Football (CAF) Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL). Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF). This essay will therefore talk about the physics of soccer. For the ball to be kicked for the goal keeper to get the ball before it goes through to the net and for all the other activities that take place in soccer to occur, there are various physical movements that support all of them. All soccer players always work hard to make certain that they maintain their shape and that they improve their kick. This essay will cover certain topics to see how they physics of soccer is. The questions that will be answered in this essay include: 1. What happens when a player kicks a ball? 2. How much vigour, in heaviness would a soccer player experience on their foot in a kick. 3. How do football players twist a soccer ball? 4. Does a huge... Initially, when the ball is kicked, the leg of the player puts in kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is that energy that is put in order to make something move. In this case, since the ball has to be moved, the kinetic energy has to be put inside the ball. The formula for this kinetic energy implementation is KE=1/2 MV2. In this case, the kinetic energy used is equal to half of the total mass of the player’s leg, multiplied by the speed (velocity) of the leg as it hits the balls, squared. The ball loses its shape when it is kicked. This is the other thing that happens when a player hits the ball. It deforms due to the energy that has been exerted on it where the place that is it turns out to be flat within a shirt tie that is over 0.01 seconds. The energy, therefore, that collides is that kinetic energy from the foot plus the energy stored in the deformed ball whereas the energy that comes out is the kinetic energy in the ball plus heat.The number of kicks given determines the ene rgy that is exerted and that which is lost. This means that the more the ball is hit, the more it deforms thus a lot more energy is lost to heat. Here Newton’s law in force is applicable because it helps in providing information on how force is used and how to determine power that is used to carry out an activity. Force, in this case, is calculated by getting the product of acceleration and mass. The mass of a ball is usually 0.4 kg meaning the only thing to be determined is the acceleration which is the change in speed of the ball.

Philosophy of life Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of life Essay There is only one way to live and achieve a meaningful life, and can be acquired by looking inside yourself and determining what is the best things you can do in your life. There are endless suggestions on how to live a meaningful life; however, these are not necessary guides or the only way because each person is different. This means that there is no one way that is correct or no one way that is false because each person is unique in their own way and have varying perspectives of life. According to Jobs, life is about living to connect the dots. He says that you can only connect the dots by looking back at decisions and things that have happened and that you cannot connect the dots for the future. He also says that you tell yourself that to live to connect the dots and that what you’re doing is setting up a dot to be connected that is when you can go with heart. He went to college and dropped out after six months and started going to classes that he was interested in instead of going to classes that were demanded and he did not enjoy. One of the classes he went to was a calligraphy class. He says that if he had not dropped out and went to this class that he would not have been so successful with the Mac. Jobs stressed the idea that without the inspirations attained in calligraphy class that were used in the design of Macintosh all personal computers would be non-existent because Windows copied Macintosh. Jobs may have started Apple in his garage with his friend but within ten years it became a $2 billion company. Shortly after the ten years, contradicting visions led to the divergence of the company and the firing of Steve Jobs. In the fall of his old job Jobs created two new companies, NeXT and Pixar, which both became very well-known and successful companies. Pixar, now the most successful animation studio in the world, went on to create the first computer animated movie â€Å"Toy Story. † NeXT was bought by Apple leading to the return of Jobs and the technology he developed at NeXT is now the heart of Apple’s renaissance. He rounds out this speech with the idea everyone should strive for what makes them happy, doing the things they enjoy. He also rejoices in the fact that enjoying the things he loves now motivated his comeback and redeemed himself in the public eye. Wallace’s speech was focused on finding a personal, deeper meaning. He gives a variety of examples of frustrating moments, while providing insight on how we react. For example: he talks about a woman in line yelling at her kids. To most people they think that’s how she treats her kids all the time leading to some misinterpretation. Instead of thinking that way, he provides alternate cases she might be dealing with, such as, suffering from extreme stress due to her husbands’ bone cancer or maybe she extended an act of kindness at her work for an individual dealing with tough circumstances. He talks about the roughness of everyday adult life, explaining the need to not jump to conclusions and extending grace, making the situation a much happier one. Wallace is not trying to give moral advice or strict guidelines to follow because this can become difficult, he only wants to give noteworthy insight to a stressful situation. He then goes on to talk about worship. Wallace explains how, in his opinion, atheism does not exist due to the fact everyone worships something, demolishing the basis behind atheism. The only choice individuals get to decide is the things they worship. If one chooses to worship money then they will never have enough of it; if one chooses to worship their body then they will always think that they are ugly and will never be happy. He says that the insidious thing about these forms of worship is not that they are sinful, but rather they are unconscious default settings. This type of worship allows beings to slip into a more lax way of thinking causing them to be more selective without ever being fully aware of what they are doing. Jobs’ approach to a skilled life is finding something one is passionate about doing and doing it no matter the route one takes. He dropped out of college after six months and just dropped-in on classes that sounded interesting to him. He found something that he really enjoyed in calligraphy class leading him to design the Macintosh and which ultimately led to the creation of personal computers. He loves the adaptability of technology and discovering the next best thing. Also, he stresses that connecting the dots is big because it leads you to your hearts desires. So according to Jobs, finding something that you love doing and living to connect the dots is the key to a prosperous, fulfilling life. According to Wallace, the approach to a more prosperous life is to think things through in a deeper more educated meaning. He talks about moments in our lives where we may get frustrated and what we can do to prevent from getting so mad. So overall, they are trying to convey the same message which is: obtaining a skillful and prosperous life. To me, I feel as though what makes life meaningful is living it to the fullest and learning from mistakes. I do not necessarily agree or disagree with either Jobs or Wallace ideals because they are not the main things to achieve a prosperous life but they are good things to incorporate in life. Life is so much more than finding something that you enjoy doing because I enjoy playing Xbox but that is not going to get me anywhere in life. Also, it is more than just thinking deeply about situations when I am going to get frustrated. I say you should always take opportunities presented in your life, not allowing them to pass you by. Take opportunities the first time and don’t be impassive assuming there will be another. With these opportunities there is always the decision to side between right and wrong. Now, I hope that everyone has a strong enough will to be able to pick the good opportunities rather than the bad ones. If you have a chance to make a difference in someone’s life or can change the outcome of a situation then why be passive and not pursue it? Life is all about choices and decision making. These things also come with responsibility and the decisions you make will lead to positive or negative consequences. Everyone makes bad choices in their life because no one is perfect and we are fallen people. With this falleness comes sin and with sin comes destruction, but we are given the opportunity to learn from our mistakes and continue to grow through them. All of these life situations leads us to be a better person to ourselves, others, and God. In order to live a thriving life, one must make conscious decisions, learn from their mistakes, and thank the Lord for opportunities and learning experiences. There is no guide on how to live a meaningful life. It is all up to the individual and whatever they see fit for themselves and their life. Though I have this view, it does not mean that it is the only way to live a meaningful life, the same goes for Jobs’ and Wallace’s opinions. Each person has some ideals that everyone can draw from to make their life better and happier, but it is not necessarily the only way to achieve a meaningful life. The true way to achieve a meaningful life is to look deep inside oneself and decide how to accomplish one’s own meaning prosperous life.

The Future of Education Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

The Future of Education In about thirty years, I will probably be sending off a child of my own to a university. There will be many changes in the way a public university will operate in three decades. These changes will be similar to the ones that occurred from the time my parents attended college to the time that I am now furthering my education at college. The same basic format of living on campus, going to classes, and partying will be followed, but getting the instruction and getting to college will go on in a different manner. The main areas of change that I foresee will be in the process of how students get to college, on-campus living, and the most, in use of technology. More and more students are now pursuing a post-high school education. This is going to be a continuing trend that will be made possible by increasing efforts from high schools, federal, state, and local governments, and the universities themselves. High schools will create more college preparatory curricula that will reach all students so that they will have the opportunities to apply and be accepted to a university. With an increased number of applicants, universities will have to build more residency halls, and create more classrooms and resources to accommodate the larger amounts of students. Universities will offer a wider scope of types of scholarships and financial aid to make sure they can reach every prospective student in need. The governments will also have a larger quantity of revenues that will be used for educational purposes including various kinds of grants, scholarships, and loans to meet all students’ needs. There will be larger push on the whole from the public to assist students further their education instead of goin... ...rking out of problems. Technology will never replace the university wholly either. There is an additional education to just academics and athletics that takes place on a college campus. Many lessons and experiences that are crucial to life are found in the university. These changes are the same that my parents are seeing now as they watch me attend the same university from which they graduated. I imagine similar changes will be seen by my children sixty years from now, when they possibly send off their own children to a public university. In general, public universities will always be in a campus setting, with old buildings and large classes, but the campus and classes will change in the same ways they have already been changing. Works Cited Hanck, J. Andrew. â€Å"Future of the University† Carroll, J. Ryan. â€Å"How My Children Will Get Their Education†

Linear Programming in Finance, Accounting and Economics

Linear Programming in Finance, Accounting and Economics Sijia Lu 7289928683 Abstract This article is literatures review about five articles, which apply linear programming to Finance, accounting and economics. The mathematical method is found of crucial importance in those fields. The paper shows how theoretical inference in linear programming throws light upon realistic practice, and how empirical evidence supports those theories. Keywords: finance; accounting; economics; linear programming; investment analysis Linear Programming in Finance Application of Linear Programming to Financial Budgeting and the Costing of Funds† explored how to allocate funds in an enterprise by applying linear programming. As Charnes, Cooper and Miller analyzed, at least three problems are to be considered to solve the allocation problem: 1) Plans for production, purchases, and sales under certain structure of the firm’s assets, in order to maximize its profit or reach other objectives. 2) Th e change of the firm’s profit per unit change in the structure of the assets. 3) Opportunity cost of the firm’s funds.The article starts with a simple example with one commodity and one warehouse. Let B be the fixed warehouse capacity, A be the initial stock of inventory in the warehouse, xj be the amount to be sold in period j, yj be the amount to be sold in period j, pj be the sales price per unit in period j, and cj be the purchase price per unit in period j, then we have due to the cumulative sales constraint; due to the warehouse capacity constraint; due to the buying constraint; due to the selling constraint; and with our goal of maximizing The dual problem is also obvious.It is to minimize subject to and to where As we learned, â€Å"dual theorem of linear programming† says that the two optimal values of the original problem and the dual problem should be equal. Using this theorem, the authors then reached a new method of evaluating assets. Because , we h ave in which the two sides must have the same units of measure. So it is now obvious that t*k represents the value per unit of net warehouse capacity and u*k represents the value per unit of initial inventory in the warehouse. Similarly, consider the financial problem, which has liquidity constraints as here j-? represents payments and j-r represents receipts, M0 is the initial cash available and M is the balance the firm desired the maintain. By examining the dual problem of this, we can find corresponding dual variables for the problem called, say, vk. Again, from the equality we found before, we can learn that the two sides of the equation have the same units of measure. It is then seen that the v’s should be dollars per unit time per dollar invested. The valuation of assets or investments is of crucial importance to any business.So far, by simply applying the dual theorem, Charnes, Cooper and Miller have created a new method of evaluating assets or investments. This metho d of evaluating is also easy to find out answers. It is intelligent to examine the units of measure rather than try to solve the specific problems. The interesting thing is that in realistic problems, we can find true meanings of theoretical dual variables. Then the authors mixed the two former problems together to see a more realistic case – a warehouse problem with financial constraints.So the following new constraints are added: Now if we define We’ll get the new dual problem: Here, V1 is the incremental cumulative internal yield rate. Or it is the opportunity cost the capital invested – â€Å"it shows the net amount to which an additional dollar invested in the firm will accumulate if left to mature to the end of the planning horizon. † This is also easy to understand in terms of economics, maximizing profit can be the same as minimizing the opportunity costs. The article then went through several practical problems using the dual variable evaluating method.It is also interesting to find out that all the commodities are directly linked to the funds-flow while the goods-flow can be avoided in the warehouse problem with multiple commodities. An Example â€Å"A linear programming model for budgeting and financial planning† created an accounting experiment in which the dual variables introduced earlier were calculated which can also be considered as a sensitivity analysis. This can be seen as application and verification of Charnes, Cooper and Miller’s earlier theory. In the linear programming problem listed below, (1) represents the interests earned with a rate of 0. 29%; (2) holds because firm’s sale of securities will not be more than the beginning balance of this amount; (3) represents the maximum collection of receivables will not exceed the beginning balance of account receivable; (4) means the initial cash balance constraints the purchase of securities; (5) indicates â€Å"contribution† on a unit s ale per unit deduction from the ending goods inventory, with prevailing selling price being $9. 996 and cost of production $2. 10; (6) holds because of the cost structure: in the $2. 10 cost, $1. is the material cost and $1. 1 is the conversion cost (direct labor cost and direct overhead); (7) represents the production capacity limits by limiting the value of raw materials; (8) holds because conversion is also limited to raw materials at the beginning of the period; (9) means market limit to the sales by constraint on the standard cost; (10) means sales are also limited because it can not be more than the beginning balance of completed goods; (11) represents the repayment of loans will not exceed the beginning balance of outstanding loans. 12) indicates the limit of accounts payable; (13) is the depreciation charge equation with a rate of 0. 833; (14) indicates the structure of costs to be incurred in the current period, including fixed expenses ($2,675,000), variable cost, effectiv e interest penalty for discounts not taken on accounts payable (at a rate of 3. 09%), and interest on loans (at a periodic rate of 0. 91%); (15) represents income tax is accrued at 52% of net profit and the dividend equals to $83,000 plus(minus) 5% of the excess(shortage) of the expected profit, $1,800,000; (16) is the limit of minimum cash balance required by the company policy; (17) holds because an expected price rise in the next period leads the company to decide the ending inventory should be at least the minimum sales expected in the next period; (18) means ending materials must be sufficient for the production of next period; (19) is the payment limits: all income taxes payable and dividends must be paid by the end of current period.And because we can considers our goal as maximizing net additions to retained earnings, we have substitute the K’s with figures of balance sheet, which is showed below, we can calculate the X’s As we learned before, a dual evaluator indicates the change in net addition to retained earnings if the constraints corresponding to the given evaluator were relaxed by one dollar. For example, the dual evaluator of (7) is $3. 594936. This means that if production capacity ere increased in case that exactly one additional dollar’s raw material is used, the retain earnings will increase $3. 94936. To see this case in detail, table 5 shows what happens after altering the firm’s raw material processing capacity by one unit. Additional cash can be obtained in 3 ways: a) selling securities; b) borrow from a bank; c) delay payment on account payable. But the cheapest way is a). Thus we can calculate the opportunity cost per dollar by: the firm loses interest income of $0. 00229 of every dollar of securities sold while savings from taxes and dividends can relieve this loss, calculate the periodic loss, it is $0. 00104424. Evaluate this loss from an aspect of infinite periods:Apply this to the last step of deductio n, we get $3. 594936, again. Our former inference is thus confirmed. Not only from the mathematical aspect but also from the accounting aspect. In this case, linear programming offers a highly flexible instrument. As in the case, â€Å"all sensitivity changes within any specific part of the model are evaluated in terms of their effect on the entire model. † It is also highlighted, as we mentioned above, this kind of evaluation can be done without actually solving the entire problem. Thus this method is not only reasonable but also convenient.Linear Programming in Economics So far we have seen the application of linear programming in the field of finance and accounting. Now let’s see an interesting example which apply linear programming to economics. A linear program can approximate product substitution effects in demand. In general, the demand function may be written as (1) where p is an N * 1 vector of prices, q is an N * 1 vector of quantities, a is an N x 1 vector o f constants, and B is an N x N negative semidefinite matrix of demand coefficients. And the objective function for the competitive case can be written as maximize 2) where c(q) is an N * 1 vector of total cost functions, q >= 0, AND Substitute (1) into (2) We have the new objective function Maximize (3) In economics, we know that the total welfare of transactions can be separated into two parts: consumers’ surplus and producers’ profit. In mathematics, these two parts can be written as We also represent the resource scarcity by adding constraints (4) The Kuhn-Tucker conditions, which are necessary (but not su? cient) for a point to be a maximum are: Thus the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions for the original problem are equation (4) plusFor monopoly market, the object function is a little different, it is to Maximize (5) while the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions are equation (4) plus From the competitive market objective function (3) and the monopoly market objective f unction (5), we can see that both involve a quadratic form in p. In order to set up the LP tableau, define a function representing the area under the demand curve as (6) And the total expenditure function as (7) Then we can derive the following figure for (6) and (7): The representation of the piecewise linear approximation in LP is shown for the two-good, separable-demands case, in table 1. here costs for the ith product in the jth activity producing it are represented by cij; unit outputs of the ith product in the jth activity producing it are given by yij; The quantities sold of the ith product corresponding to the endpoint of the jth segment are defined as qj; Values of W for the ith commodity corresponding to the amount sold, qj, are given by wij; Values of R for the ith commodity corresponding to the amount sold, qj, are represented by rij; The target level of producer's income is denoted by Y*.Note that the LP problem has its certain properties. In table 1, no more than two a djacent activities from the set of selling will enter the optimal basis at positive levels. And also, by use of the function R in the constraint set, the model includes a measure of income at endogenous prices. The article then looks into a more complicated case where there exists substitution of demands. That is, one good’s demand can be substituted by the other one’s.An assumption, as the basis of the approximation procedure developed for this situation, is that commodities can be classified into groups, which allow the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) to be zero between all groups but nonzero and constant within each group. Then consider a group consisting of C commodities. We can create table 3 for the situation: The authors pointed out that â€Å"each of the blocks of activities [W's R's -Q's 1] constitutes a set of ‘mixing’ activities for one segment of the composite demand function for the commodity group†. i. e. [W's R's -Q's 1]T=Relative prices of commodities in the group are assumed fixed, both within and between segments, and are defined by Also define the quantity index as and price index as where Then we create table 4, which is a simple extension of the single product case. Only the selling activities are shown. in which The price-weighted total quantity is (8) To extend the case of demand in fixed proportions within a group, define matrix A as The elements in matrix Q can now be calculated as (9) substitute (8) into (9), we have The price-weighted total quantity, q*sm, is given by so (9) is equal to hen calculate the elements of W and S Now we are able to calculate the MRS By rearranging we get MRS=-p2/p1, the required result. An Expansion The use of linear programming in the field of economics was continued in the paper â€Å"Endogenous Input Prices in Linear Programming Models†. In this paper, the author provides a method for formulating linear programming models in which one or more factors have upw ard sloping supply schedules, and the prices are endogenous. Instead of examining the demand function, Hazell starts from the function of the producers, whose goal is to maximize their profit here x is a vector of output levels; p and c are vectors of market prices and direct costs, respectively; d is a vector of labor requirements; L is the amount of labor employed at wage w. Now if the buyer of labor is monopoly, or the market is a monopsolistic market,due to economic definition we’ll have Then the problem becomes Again we use Kuhn-Tucker conditions to solve for the optimal solution. L;0, so we have = w+? L Thus, given the optimal amount of labor used (L*), the associated market-clearing wage is w* = a + PL*, and this is smaller than ? by PL*.This is correct by intuition and empirical evidence. Similarly, if the situation is competitive market , we can derive? =w, which is quite different from the former case. Using the method of Duloy and Norton, Hazell calculate the suppl y curve of labor, which is actually a stepped function, showed as below: Hazell pointed out that â€Å"stepped supply functions arise artificially from using linearization techniques, but they also arise in reality when different sources of labor are identifiable which can be expected to enter the labor market as the wage reaches critical levels. And then he also mentioned another way to find out the supply function of labor. This article is a development and application of the former article. The method for achieving these results utilizes the sum of the producers' and consumers' surplus, and is an extension of existing methods for solving price endogenous models of product markets. Linear Programming in Daily Investing Linear programming is such a useful tool that we can find its advantages in finance, accounting and also economics. But what about in our daily life?How can linear programming help when we make decisions about our own investing, say, our own financial portfolios in various stocks? In 2004, C. Papahristodoulou and E. DotzauerSource wrote an article about these questions, named â€Å"Optimal Portfolios Using Linear Programming Models†. This paper is about three models: The classical quadratic programming (QP) formulation and two new ones — (i) maximin, and (ii) minimization of mean absolute deviation. The first model is to s. t. where i and j are securities; ?ij is the covariance of these securities; xj is the portfolio allocation of security j.These are the variables of the problem and should not exceed an upper bound uj; ? is the minimum (expected) return required by a particular investor; and B is the total budget that is invested in portfolio. The second model is established so the minimum return is maximized. Regarding the constraints, one might assume that every period's return will be at least equal to Z. For period t, this constraint can be formulated as: where rjt, is the return for security j over period t. The third mod el simplifies the Markowitz classic formulation is to use the absolute deviation as a risk measure.It is proved by Konno and Yamazak that â€Å"if the return is multivariate normally distributed, the minimization of the mean absolute deviation (MAD) provides similar results as the classical Markowitz formulation†. And as is known, MAD is defined as We define first all Yt >0 variables,t = 1, †¦ ,T. These Yt variables can be interpreted as linear mappings of the non-linear Thus, the objective function is to minimize the average absolute deviation and the constraints added are Then the author tested all three models, using monthly returns from 67 shares traded in the Stockholm Stock Exchange (SSE), between January 1997 and December 2000.As expected, the maximin formulation yields the highest return and risk, while the QP formulation provides the lowest risk and return, which also creates the efficient frontier. The minimization of MAD is close to Markowitz. The results are as follows: All three formulations though, outperform the top equity fund portfolios in Sweden. They also conclude, â€Å"When the expected returns are confronted with the true ones at the end of a 6-month period, the maximin portfolios seem to be the most robust of all. † Conclusion We have seen the crucial importance of linear programming to finance, accounting, economics and also our daily life.It turns difficult problems into easier ones. By using this mathematic way of solving problem, we can achieve more intelligent choices while wasting less. The study of linear programming is so useful that in the future, it will hopefully find more use in the world of economics and management. References â€Å"Application of Linear Programming to Financial Budgeting and the Costing of Funds†, A. Chares, W. W. Coopers, and M. H. Millerss, The Journal of Business, Vol. 32, No. 1, Jan. , 1959 (pp. 20-46) â€Å"A Linear Programming Model for Budgeting and Financial Planning†, Y. Ijiri, F. K. Levy, and R. C.Lyon, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, Autumn, 1963, (pp. 198-212) â€Å"Prices and Incomes in Linear Programming Models†, John H. Duloy and Roger D. Norton, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 57, No. 4, Nov. , 1975 (pp. 591-600) â€Å"Endogenous Input Prices in Linear Programming Models†, Peter B. R. Hazell, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 61, No. 3, Aug. , 1979 (pp. 476-481) â€Å"Optimal Portfolios Using Linear Programming Models†, C. Papahristodoulou and E. Dotzauer, The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 55, No. 11, Nov. , 2004 (pp. 1169-1177)

Contextual Factors of the Classroom

This paper discusses the contextual factors within the school community and how they can impact the acquisition and learning procedure. The paper looks at different factors such as community, school territory, schoolroom, and pupil features. Within these factors an account is given for how each one can impact pupil acquisition and accomplishment. Besides, deductions are discussed and schemes are given for how instructors can integrate contextual factors and still make pupil accomplishment. robert.askey2010-09-20T15:00:00 Space Contextual Factors of the Classroom, School, and Community and How They Affect the Teaching and Learning Process Many people think that there are n't many contextual factors within the learning profession. They think that the instructor teaches the lesson, the pupils listen softly, and so they complete their assignments. While that may be a â€Å" dream † schoolroom, is it far from world. There are many deductions that go along with the profession. The environing community, every bit good as, the school and school territories have a batch of lending factors that affect the instruction and acquisition procedure. Classroom kineticss and pupil features are besides of import factors when it comes to teacher planning and pupil acquisition. Teachers need to take all of these factors into history to guarantee that all the demands of our pupils are met. Community Factors The community plays a large portion in the acquisition procedure and school accomplishment. Some communities tend to go a really high transient country. Many people move about depending on where occupations are located, which leads to pupils coming and traveling throughout the academic school twelvemonth. This instability causes a break in learning. Achievement spreads are created because pupil direction is non consistent, which leads to hapless motive within pupil acquisition. Besides, some provinces may hold a batch of English Language Learners ( ELL ) depending on where they are located geographically. States that are close to the outside boundary lines may detect an addition in ELL pupils, which excessively, may do a challenge when supplying direction. Teachers will hold to accommodate their direction to supply schemes for ELL pupils and do certain that they enrich their vocabulary cognition. Different economical positions may besides be a conducive factor within the instruction and acquisition procedure. Schools that are located in low socio-economic countries may non acquire the support or resources from the outside community. Parents are non able to supply supplies for their kids or the schoolroom, which may impede instructional chances for pupils. Whereas, schools that are located in higher economic countries have a batch of community support and local contributions to assist supply pupils with equal resources they need for acquisition. District Factors School Districts have an huge influence when it comes to the acquisition and learning procedure. They are the 1s that pave the manner for academic success. Recently, many territories have been traveling through a budget deficit. They are being forced to put off instructors and make full the places with long term replacements. Many long term replacements do non hold the same educational background and preparation that licensed instructors have, which may ensue in academic failure with our pupils. Districts are besides being forced to cut many plans and resources. The most frequent plans to be cut are extracurricular activities. Many pupils gain motive from these extracurricular activitiesrobert.askey2010-09-20T15:01:00 I could non hold more.. Students are required to keep a certain class point norm which forces pupils to seek harder in school and advance academic accomplishment. In David Reeves ‘ ( 2008 ) article, a survey was conducted to mensurate the relevancy between extracurricular activities and pupil accomplishment. Woodstock High School, in Woodstock Ill. , found that pupils who took portion in three or four extracurricular activities during the twelvemonth had dramatically better classs than those who participated in no extra-curricular activitiesrobert.askey2010-09-20T15:02:00 This is a great illustration of how to utilize a mention to back up the point you are seeking to make.. Classroom Factors The schoolroom is the most of import factor when it comes to student acquisition and teacher direction. It is a topographic point where pupils should experience safe and acquisition should be promoted, therefore it should be clean and in superior status. All pupil desks and chairs should be in good status. If classroom furniture is uncomfortable, pupils may lose their deficiency of focal point. Students should besides be confronting the way where direction is being taught, if they have to turn around to see, their focal point will be lost. The stuffs in the schoolroom should be organized and available for easy entree. This will let small clip to be taken off from direction. Technology resources are another lending factor for pupil acquisition and the instruction procedure. Resources such as computing machines, SMART boards, and Elmos, supply a more custodies on larning experience for pupils. These resources will let instructors to fix our pupils for the engineering savvy professional community. Another factor within the schoolroom is a strong sense of regulations and modus operandis. Students need to cognize and stay by schoolroom modus operandis and regulations. In the schoolroom, pupils frequently spend a batch of clip waiting for a new activity to get down. This can take to a batch of otiose instructional clip. It is of import for instructors to hold effectual modus operandis in topographic point so that the maximal sum of instructional clip can be utilized. Proper modus operandis and regulations besides lead to minimum breaks and behaviour jobs, hence advancing the acquisition procedure. Concerted acquisition is another of import factor for the acquisition procedure. Students are able to work together and construct a schoolroom community. During the grouping pupils are typically forced to utilize job work outing schemes to come up with solutions and heighten critical thought accomplishments. Concerted groups are besides typically heterogenous so that varied degrees are incorporated into each group ; everyone has something different to convey to the group. Student Features Students frequently come into our schoolroom with a whole batch of â€Å" luggage. † There are many factors that pupils have to cover with which can impact their acquisition procedure. Many schoolrooms today are multicultural. It is of import that instructors understand the cultural differences within their schoolroom, and acquire to cognize their pupils. Students may come from a background where instruction is non good respected and higher instruction is non an option. This may hold an consequence on those single pupils ‘s accomplishment. Teachers will necessitate to modify and prosecute acquisition to assist actuate these pupils. In today ‘s schoolroom ‘s, many pupils have particular demands. Teachers need to recognize that non all pupils are on the same degree, and that direction should be differentiated to run into the demands of each pupil. Most schools have adopted the inclusive theoretical account where kids with particular demands spend at least half of the twenty-four hours in a general instruction schoolroom with particular helpers. Inclusive classrooms non merely benefit pupils with particular demands, but the general instruction pupils as good. Teachers are provided an helper to assist during direction which will let more attending to all pupils within the schoolroom. Particular needs pupils are besides introduced to more grade degree content, assisting them reach IEP ends. In bend, this will be good towards the acquisition procedure for all pupils. Students besides have different larning modes. Some pupils may be an audile scholar, they need to hear waies or complete unwritten assignments. Other pupils may be a ocular scholar ; ocular images are a large portion of their direction penchant. Students that need to make things and travel about may be kinaesthetic scholars. In a typical schoolroom, there will be a broad assortment of these modes. Teachers should supply an mixture of instructional techniques to run into the larning demands of all pupils. Not all pupils come into your schoolroom with the same cognition or accomplishments. Many instructors have to accommodate their direction to re-teach or construct background on the approaching content. Depending on the environing community, pupils may non hold the assumed societal experiences. Teachers frequently need to pass excess clip presenting pupils to the content, edifice background, and conveying in regalia to assist pupils link with the subject being presented. Besides, pupils coming from the old twelvemonth may hold non learned of import constructs used in the following class degree. Many instructors have to pass the beginning of the school twelvemonth learning constructs that should hold been mastered in the old twelvemonth. With the deficiency of accomplishments or prior larning it can take twice every bit long to accomplish the acquisition ends. Instructional Deductions When be aftering direction, instructors should maintain many deductions in head. Teachers should go painstaking of where there pupil comes from. They need to retrieve that non all pupils come from the same civilization and socio-economic background. Some pupils require more forbearance and apprehension, which they may non have at place. Not all pupils have the same support system at place. Many parents may work, or there may be merely one parent who works two occupations. We, as instructors, need to be more understanding to our pupils ‘ emotional demands. These pupils may necessitate excess instructional clip to assist accomplish larning ends. Student larning manners is another deduction that instructors need to maintain in head when be aftering direction. All pupils learn in different ways. To assist with accomplishment, instructors should offer assorted activities from each mode. In my schoolroom I give pupils an assignment bill of fare. Each bill of fare consists of different assignments measuring the same criterion. The assignments are geared to all the different acquisition modes, leting pupils to take which activities they want to make. Giving pupils a bill of fare of assignment picks will non merely increase pupil accomplishment, but will besides heighten pupil motive and battle. robert.askey2010-09-20T15:06:00 Great scheme. When be aftering direction, instructors need to take all of these contextual factors into history. As a instructor, we have to come to the realisation that each pupil is different. Whether it ‘s the community, school territory, schoolroom, or the pupil features, each pupil comes with a â€Å" bag † of who they are. We need to encompass their â€Å" bag † and assist them accomplish academically, socially, and emotionally.

Concepts Of Lifetime Fitness Essays - Physiology, Heat Transfer

Concepts Of Lifetime Fitness Essays - Physiology, Heat Transfer Concepts of Lifetime Fitness September 1, 1997 Homeostasis is the state of equilibrium in which the internal environment of the human body remains relatively constant. Two excellent examples of homeostasis are how the body maintains a constant temperature and blood pressure during strenuous physical activity or exercise. Although there are many other activities in the body that display homeostasis, I will only discuss these two. Temperature in the human body is usually kept at approximately 37 degrees Celsius. To maintain such a strict temperature, the body has a few functions to combat the outside elements. People cannot make themselves cold as readily as make themselves hot, however I will mention both homeostasis functions. When the external temperature decreases, a portion of the brain called the hypothalamus detects the drop by means of the blood. To compensate, the brain sends chemical and electrical impulses to the muscles. These impulses tell the muscles to begin to contract and relax at very high intervals. This is commonly known as shivering. The production of Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP in the mitochondria of the muscles produces heat. If the body temperature does not rise immediately after this, then a second function begins. The brain will signal the blood vessels near the skin to constrict or narrow in diameter. This occurs so the heat deep in the muscles is conserved. Sinc! e the vessels are now smaller in diameter, less blood is needed to fill them. Since less blood is needed through the vessels, the heart begins to slow. If the body remains in this slowed state, hypothermia could result. Hypothermia is the condition in which metabolic processes are inhibited. The medical world has taken advantage of this by inducing hypothermia in patients that are undergoing organ transplants. To fight temperatures higher than normal, as in exercise or on hot days, the body reacts in the opposite way than with cold. Again, the hypothalamus detects the change of temperature in the blood. The brain signals blood vessels not to constrict, but to dilate. This increases the diameter of the vessels, and results in the need for more blood. Since more blood is needed to fill the vessels, the heart pumps faster and that causes respiration to increase. The increased respiration will make the body exhale some of the internal heat, like placing a fan in a window to cool a room. The blood vessels are dilated so the heat deep in the muscles is easily released. Another commonly known mechanism to fight heat is sweating. Sweat glands found throughout the body are stimulated by the hypothalamus to excrete sweat and when the sweat evaporates, the skin is cooled. If the body is not cooled by the time all of the internal water supply is used, it could go into hypothermia. Th! is is when the body becomes dehydrated and proteins begin to denature. Hypothermia can result in certain death if the water supply is not immediately replenished. Some advantages to these mechanisms are the cleansing effect of sweating and weight loss. Sweat, when excreted, removes waste materials such as bacteria and water. Fat material, during exercise, is actually "eaten" by the body thus reducing overall weight. The second example of homeostasis is blood pressure regulation. When the hydrostatic pressure of blood is above normal, pressure sensors in the blood vessels tell the brain through chemical means. The brain will then stimulate the heart to contract or beat in slower intervals. This will cause less blood to enter the blood vessels and that will lower the hydrostatic pressure. If the pressure is lower than normal, the exact opposite happens. The sensors in the vessels tell the brain and the brain will then make the heart beat faster so more blood enters the vessels and the pressure is raised. The body uses many mechanisms to regulate temperature and blood pressure. Be it stimuli to the heart from the brain or messages from the blood, the body maintains its internal environment through a process called homeostasis.

Chemalit Chemicals

Less: Amortization expense (1041. 67)123,958. 33 Total assets $491,197. 91 Liabilities 0 Stockholders Equity Contributed Capital 500,000. 00 Retained Earnings (8,802. 09) Total Stockholders equity 491,197. 91 Total Liabilities and Stockholders equity $491,197. 91 CHEMALITE, INC Cash Flow Statement For the period ended June 30, 2003 Cash flows for operating activities Cash paid to suppliers $ (75,000. 00) Cash paid for legal fees, charter printing costs (7,500. 00) Net cash flow from operating activities (82,500. 00) Cash flows for investing activities Cash paid to purchase machinery (62,500. 00) Cash flows from financial activities Cash received from shareholders 375,000. 00 Cash at end of year $230,000. 00 4. Financial Statements for stockholder’s for year 2003 CHEMALITE, INC Balance Sheet At December 31, 2003 Assets Cash $ 113,000. 00 Accounts Receivable 69,500. 00 Inventory 55,000. 00 Property, Plant and Equipment$ 212,500. 00 Less: Accumulated Depreciation10,885. 42 201,614. 58 Patent 125,000. 00 Less: Amortisation 25,000. 00 100,000. 00 Total Assets $ 539,114. 58 Liabilities 0 Stockholders Equity Contributed Capital 500,000. 00 Retained Earnings 39,114. 58 Total Stockholders equity 539,114. 58 Total Liabilities and Stockholders equity $ 539,114. 58 Income Statement For the period ended December 31, 2003 Revenue $ 754,500. 00 Expenses Cost of Goods Sold $ 545,000. 00 General and administrative expense 87,500. 00 Research and development expense 23,750. 00 Advertisement expense 22,500. 00 Interest expense 750. 00 Amortisation expense 25,000. 00 Depreciation expense 10,885. 42 Cash Flow Statement For the period ended December 31, 2003 Cash flows for operating activities Cash received from customers $ 685,000. 00 Cash paid to suppliers and employees(600,000. 00) Cash paid for administrative expenses(87,500. 00) Cash paid for research and development(23,750. 00) Cash paid for Advertising(22,500. 00) Net cash flow from operating activities $ (48,750. 00) Cash flows for investing activities Cash paid to purchase machinery(212,500. 00) Net cash flow from investing activities (212,500. 0) Cash flows from financing activities Cash received from shareholders 375,000. 00 Cash paid for interest on loan (750. 00) Net cash from financing activities 374,250. 00 Cash at end of year $ 113,000. 00 5. Report to Shareholders:- To Our Shareholders The year 2003 has been a very significant year for Chemalite, Inc with a successful commercial launch of its product and revenue earnings of over $700,000. The initial profits made in the first year are moderate due to the high ini tial expenses made on setting up the business and advertising. The financial health of the company is healthy with zero liabilities and a positive cash balance throughout the year despite the huge cash outflow from initial investment behind machinery and installation. The new invention of Chemalite has been patented by the company and is showing good value for business use. In addition to our current revenue sources we are expecting a great deal in the coming year which will be prestigious for the company as well as profitable. The committee for the Olympic Games, Athens 2004 has placed a firm order with us for 60,000 Chemalites which will generate $90,000 in revenue. The Olympics committee wants to give a Chemalite to each person in the opening ceremony. The athletes and fans will light their Chemalites which will be symbolic of the Olympic flame. This will bring us publicity and will improve our future marketable value. Going forward, we will have guaranteed sales from any demands for fireless ignition as Chemalite does not expect any competitors to come up with a similar product before five years. Lastly, we thank the shareholders for their continuous support and belief in the company.

Inclusion of Sen into mainstream schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inclusion of Sen into mainstream schools - Essay Example Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit (n.d.)" Though there are tribes that are unaware of any formal educational system, still knowing and learning the culture that they have and the important skills to subsist and to live harmoniously with his country can be considered education. Included in the kinds of persons that have the right to be educated are those who have learning and other kinds of physical and psychological impairments. These are students with learning disabilities that require special educational needs for them to be educated. They are students with special education needs or simply SEN students. The Education Act of 1996 considers a child has "special education needs" if he has a learning difficulty. In this case, a child has learning difficulty if "he has a significantly greater difficulty in learning than the majority of children of his age," and "he has a disability which either prevents or hinders him from making use of educational facilities of a kind generally provided for children of his age in schools within the area of the local education authority" (Education Act of 1996). Students with Special Education Needs (SEN) have difficulties in l... Examples of students that needs special attention are those having known disabilities like: Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder (ADD/ADHD), Aspergers, Autistic Spectrum Disorders, Cerebral Palsy, Down's Syndrome, Emotional Behavioural Difficulties, etc. (Types of Special Needs 2003). Evidences have backed up the necessity of SEN inclusion. Foremost of these are the reports submitted by the Alliance for Inclusive Education and Disability Equality Into Education that shows the feasibility and effectiveness of inclusive education for disabled children with different impairments (British Council of Disabled People 2005, p.2). The paper submitted by 2020 campaign laid down the advantages supporting the claim of SEN advocates that inclusion is beneficial for disabled students. Through this system, they have been given the opportunities to make friends, to improve their social and academic skills and to initiate a change in this world (Inclusion is Working, 2005, p.1). Also statistics reveal that children from special schools "do less well in exams, have higher rates of unemployment and are often more socially isolated as they grow older than their peers in the mainstream (Inclusion is Working 2005, p.2)." With these papers backing up the inclusion of SEN into mainstream education, the Special Education Needs and Disability Act 2001 has been legislated to provide a revised statutory framework for inclusion. It empowers SEN students to attend a mainstream school, unless their parents choose otherwise. Audit Scotland and HMIE released a report of the findings made by the commission. These organisations found out that to make mainstreaming pupils with SEN work, schools should have time to join their headteachers and

To what extent has realism dominated the study of security Essay

To what extent has realism dominated the study of security - Essay Example Power is a notion primarily thought of in the perspectives of material resources necessary to coerce or induce other states. The most important actor when it comes to realism is the state. It is autonomous and unitary because it speaks and acts with a single voice (Glassgold, 2012, p. 89). It is noted that the power of the state is understood in respect to its military capabilities, and thus security concerns. Although all nations seek hegemony under realism as the only path to ensure their own security, other states are incentivized to prevent through balancing the emergence of a hegemon. There is application of rational model of decision making the states through obtaining and acting upon accurate and complete information. National interest guides the sovereign states as explained in the terms of power. Since the single constraint of international system is the anarchy, none of the international authorities and the states are actually left to their devises to provide their own security. The perception of realists that Sovereign states are the key actors in the international system, leads to a special attention to large powers as they are viewed the most influential on the international stage. States are intrinsically obsessed with security (defensive realism) or are aggressive (offensive realism), and that territorial spreading out is only constrained by opposing powers. Security dilemma result due to this aggressive build-up, such that increasing ones security may convey along even increased instability as an opposing power puts up its own arms in response (Vu & Wongsurawat, 2009, p. 89). The dilemma is such that there is competition among the states to up their security as a result of feeling insecure yet at the end none of the state feels secure. There is a spiral of insecurity all along. Hence, security turns into a zero-sum game in that only relative gains can be made. Realists accept as true the fact that there are

UNIFICATION IN GERMANY&IN ITALY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UNIFICATION IN GERMANY&IN ITALY - Essay Example This code is called The Napoleonic Code. It is still a basis for many European laws. Napoleon was determined to change the confusing and contradictory royal laws so that he could reform the French legal system. Before the establishment of the Napoleonic Code, France did not have a single set of laws. So, the Napoleonic Code proved a milestone for the French legal system.1 The Napoleonic Code gave more power to men before the law, while women lost some of their significant rights that were granted to them during the time of revolution. The code states that the wife should be obedient to the husband and it is the duty of the husband to fulfill the needs of the wife within whatever means he has, and the husband is also responsible for providing protection to his wife. The code describes this relationship in the following words: â€Å"The wife is obliged to live with her husband, and to follow him to every place where he may judge it convenient to reside: the husband is obliged to receive her and to furnish her with every necessity for the wants of life, according to his means and station.†2 The code also states that a wife cannot begin legal proceedings without her husband’s authority, even if she is a public figure or a trader or has any other significant status in society, unless the judge gives her the right. But the authority of the husband does not matter when the wife is involved in any criminal case or police matter. The code states that in the case of divorce, the management of children will lie with the husband or petitioner unless the authority is given to the mother or family for greater advantage of the children. As the code states in Clause 267 of the Divorce section: â€Å"The provisional management of the children  shall rest with the husband, petitioner, or defendant, in the suit for divorce, unless it be otherwise ordered for the greater advantage of the children, on petition of

Cadbury India and Cadbury UK Comparison

Cadbury India and Cadbury UK Comparison The Cadburys Inc has provided us a broader view of the chocolate category. The Cadbury chocolate is able to share with their market insights based on the unparalleled breadth of chocolate experience. Cadbury has grown from strength to strength with new technologies being introduced to make the Cadbury confectionery business one of the most efficient in the world. The merge in 1969 with the Schweppes and the subsequent development of the business have led to the Cadbury Schweppes to take the lead in the both confectionery and the soft drink market in United Kingdom and becoming a major force in the international market. Today Cadbury Schweppes manufactures its products in 60 countries. The Cadbury story is a fascinating story of a family business that grew in one the biggest, most lowed chocolate brand in the world. A story that you will remember as the story of The RealTaste of Life. THE LEGEND CALLED CADBURY 1824 In 1824, John Cadbury opened a grocers shop at 93 Bull Street, Birmingham in the 1830s. Among other things, he sold cocoa and drinking chocolate, which he prepared himself using a pestle and mortar. 1831 The Cadbury manufacturing business was born in 1831, when John Cadbury decided to start producing on a commercial scale and bought a four-storey warehouse in nearby Crooked Lane. 1842 John Cadbury was selling no less than 16 varieties of drinking chocolate and 11 different cocoas! The earliest preserved price list shows that you could buy drinking chocolate in the form of both pressed cakes and powder. 1861 Johns health rapidly declined and he finally retired in 1861, handing over complete control of the business to his sons Richard and George. 1866 The turning point for the Cadbury business was the introduction of a new processing technique, resulting in the 1866 launch of Cadbury Cocoa Essence, the UKs first unadulterated cocoa. 1879 The business prospered and the factory was moved to Greenfeild a few miles away from Birmingham known as Bourneville. 1897 When Cadbury started making Cocoa Essence they had lots of cocoa butter left over, so they used it to make bars of chocolate!. 1905 Swiss manufacturers were leading the field in milk chocolate, with much better products than their rivals. In 1904, George Cadbury Junior was given the challenge to develop a milk chocolate bar with more milk than anything else on the market. (SOURCE : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/the-story) Cadburys Dairy Milk Story In June 1905, Cadbury made its first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars, and it became the companys best selling product by 1913. George Cadbury Junior, responsible for the development of the bar, has said All sorts of names were suggested: Highland Milk, Jersey and Dairy Maid. But when a customers daughter suggested Dairy Milk, the name stuck. Fruit and Nut was introduced as part of the Dairy Milk line in 1928, soon followed by Whole Nut in 1933. By this point, Cadburys was the brand leader in the United Kingdom. In 1928, Cadburys introduced The Glass and A Half slogan to accompany the Dairy Milk bar, to advertise the bars higher milk content. (SOURCES : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/products/Dairy-Milk?c2=1459p=2360) Cadburys Milk Tray 1915 Boxes of chocolates had been produced at Cadbury since the 1860s. But they were expensive, sold in small quantities and would only have been bought for very special occasions. Milk Tray was different: a chocolate assortment, affordable enough to be an everyday treat. To start with, the chocolates were sold in 5 1/2 lb boxes, which would be put out in trays to sell to customers, which is where the name originated from. One was Milk Tray and one was Plain Tray. Then, in 1916, Cadbury produced a half-pound box of chocolates, followed by a 1Ib box in 1924. By the mid 1930s it was outselling all its competitors. (SOURCE : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/Home/the-story/milk-tray-is-launched) The Cadbury Story Cadburys Success Story In 1824, the U.K. enterprise founded by John Cadbury had the objective of creating the chocolates that could be recognised as the most highest quality driven chocolates. By 1969, there was a merger between the Cadbury and Schweppes, the soft drink giant. Cadbury brands were already famous all around the world. Today more than 120 countries enjoy the products by Cadbury, having over 40 brands in the chocolate confectionery. Cadbury also dominated the market as far as U.K. and Australia and thats why it have been dubbed as The worlds master chocolate makers. The Secret of Cadburys Success The secret behind Cadburys continuing success is first theres a careful selection of finest cocoa beans from the western parts of Africa, adding the quality of hazel nuts from Turkey and fine sheets and natural ingredients available to us anywhere. At last, theres skillful marketing as Cadbury always takes care in the selection and marketing process of the right range of products. The key ingredients in Cadburys success is the selection of the right product, partners, marketing team and strategies, promotion techniques, and finally the employees. Success is based on 3 factors : Quality, Advertising, Value for Money. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Product Profile Cadbury have a wide range of product line with more than 40 brands of chocolate confectioneries. The products can be filtered as : Christmas Treat Bars Boxes, tins and bags Drinks Halloween Treat Cadburys Market Segment Market place for any product consists of many different segments of customers, each having needs and wants different from each other. The market segments can be defined in numerous ways : Demographic Variables (gender, marital status etc) Lifestyle of consumers (daily activities, hobbies), the benefits that the customers look for in a product or an occasion on which the product may be consumed. Cadbury takes in account all the major segments while manufacturing and designing new product range. The company has targetted numerous segments in the same market such as : Snatched Break Segment It refers to the breaks that the consumers use to consume products like chocolates, biscuits etc with tea or coffee. Example Cadbury Perk Impulse Segment The products which are bought without thinking on the spot, no planning is done before the product or the service is bought from the market place. This includes chocolates like Cadbury Dairy Milk. Cadbury United Kingdom Market Size The six months ended 30 June, Cadburys underlying pre-tax profits jumped by 11 per cent to  £262m at constant currency. Its total sales jumped by 4 per cent to  £2.77bn Todd Stitzer, chief executive of Cadbury said. The chocolate tablet confectionery market is CDM market, representing 17%,  £ 731 million. The CDM brand is worth approximately  £360 million in the UK. 500 million bars are made each year, in the UK. By 2007 Cadburys held over 10% of the  £731 million UK confectionery market share with 23 types of CDM . (SOURCE : Leatherhead Food Research, 2009, Cadbury,n.d.) Gorilla is a British Advertisement Campaign launched by Cadbury Schweppes in 2007 to promote Cadbury Dairy Milk brand chocolate. The 90-second television and cinema advertisement, which formed the centre piece of the GBP 6.2 million campaign, was created and directed by Juan Cabral and starred actor Garon Michael. The campaign itself, which comprised appearances on billboards, print newspapers and magazines, television and cinema spots, event sponsorships and an internet presence, was handled by advertising agency Fallon London. Threats Competitive pressures from other branded suppliers (national and global). Aggressive price and promotion activity by competitors possible price wars in developed markets. Brands in competition Value Share DM (C/Kraft) [50%-60%] Galaxy (Mars) [10%-20%] Excellence (Lindt) [5%-10%] Aero (Nestle) [5%-10%] Milka (Kraft) [0%-5%] There is a threat of change of the current external environment which is likely to alter the nature of the market. For example change in the taxing regime, Government laws regulating the industry, and other factors which are likely to impact negatively on the industry (SOURCE:Cadbury, 2008). There exists no brand loyalty in the chocolate market and consumers frequently shift their brands. Raised health and ethical concerns. Opportunities The confectionery market is characterized by a high degree of merger and acquisition activity in recent years. Opportunities exist to increase share through targeted acquisitions. There is a lot of potential for growth and a huge population who do not eat chocolates even today that can be converted as new users. Recommendations Dairy Milk should emphasis on cocoa-butter not milk-butter as the latter melts at higher temperatures and thus building perception of quality. Price also needs to become more affordable. Promotional strategies also need to be revised especially in Cadbury UK so as to gain attraction of customers above other famous brands. People in UK focus more on the packaging and the ingredients and less on the taste. So Cadbury here should make strategies to attract customers by being effective in this area. Cadbury India is well established and is a leading brand so it should continue with their effective style of advertisements and other promotional schemes. One new product launch every year might be profitable. (SOURCE: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/) Market Scanning This implies scanning internal and external environment. internal environment consists of 4ps, external implies scanning environment within which company operates. Analysing 4ps of Cadbury in comparison with close rival companies Marketing Mix Elements Cadbury Hershey Nestle Mars Inc. Product Range of fair trade chocolates, Chocolate bar that are made up of more milk, biscuits, ice cream, beverages etc Chocolate and candy bars, baking chocolate, lollipops, cookies, cocoa mix, ice cream toppings etc Chocolates, cereals, The company uses its name to endorse /nestle Easy Whip, fair trade Kit Kat M Ms, Fair trade Mars, Snickers, Orbit, Extra. Place Sold through network of whole sellers, retailers Retail outlets like convenience store, grocery chains, brokers, whole seller and retailers Only on stores and supermarket Retailers and whole sellers Price Affordable + high quality indulgence Prefer to stay with one price policy Low prices compared to other chocolates Affordable Promotion TV, Internet, outdoor, radio, emotional appeals in ads Brand extension, acquiring famous brands Extensive promotional tools, constant product supply Intensive ads campaign worth of  £600 million. The company stands better in terms of range of products as it offers more products than other confectionery company. Many brand under Cadbury have been certified as fair trade while only few chocolates have been certified as fair trade for rival companies. With regards to place the company needs to develop direct relationship with supermarkets, grocery chains as what competitor Hershey is pursuing. In terms of price, the company is considered to be slightly expensive than Nestle. The company also lags behind than Mars Inc. in regard to promotion. Source: Best Global Confectionery Company, Corporate Watch (2010) Cadbury India Cadbury began its operations in India in 1948 by importing  chocolates. After 60 years of existence, it today has five company-owned manufacturing facilities an 4 sales offices. The corporate office is in Mumbai. Market Size The chocolate market for India is growing rapidly. The market size has grown larger in the recent years. Of the 20 tonnes of the market for chocolate accounting for around 400 crores, out of which Cadburys share is 70% which is followed by Nestle accounting for about 20 %, then Amul having 5% and rest with the minors. The major competition is between the Cadbury and Nestle. At present, the existing Cadbury Dairy Milk has a market share of 35 per cent.We already have 70 per cent of the Rs 2,000-crore (Rs 20-billion) chocolate market in India and now with the retail environment changing, Silk will help us tap into a wider audience, says Cadburys executive director, marketing and international business, Sanjay Purohit. Threats There may be a threat of entry of other products in the market which will increase the level of competition in the market. There are other companies which are likely to introduce the same products in the market once there is success of the initial product.(Cadbury, 2008). Social changes like rising obesity and consumers obsession with calories counting.( Department of Health, 2005) Globalisation may bring in better brands for upper end of the market and it may loose market share but will remain brand leader. Opportunities Increasing gifts cultures in India. Substitute to Mithais with higher calories/cholesterol. To respond to changes in consumer tastes and preferences healthier snacks with lower calories need to be developed. Internet usage in India has been growing at a very high rate and majority of the urban population is connected to the interest. Since there is not company that is currently using online sales, the company will look into using this strategy to boosts its sales (Laura, 2008). Brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchan for advertising there new products. As Cadbury became a part of Krafts Foods, its distribution  network is increased. Positioning Cadbury dairy milk made position of its product chocolate not only in the minds of consumers but also in the market. It uses various promotional techniques to make position in the minds of customers Cadbury have good quality, more features like unique taste, design, logo and other attributes as compared to its competitors. Cadbury dairy milk is superior in quality, continuous improvements Its price is reasonable and affordable by all customers. good use of advertising is used especially the use of slogans to position a positive concept in customers minds. Cadburys reputation is built upon quality; a commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that this promise continues to be delivered. The companys punch line for advertising Cadbury dairy milk REAL TASTE OF LIFE itself depicts how well the product is positioned in the market. The product shows the purity of milk, taste. PEST Analysis P : There are no restrictions on the pricing of the products by the political institutions that is the pricing of the product is decontrolled. E : 1) There has been an increase in the per capita income depicting high disposable income. 2) There has been an increase in demand due to the growth of the middle class. 3) Better penetration due to low production costs. S : 1) Increased demand due to increasing gift culture. 2) Increased substitute demand against the Indian Mithais. T : The company has fulfilled the international standards. FINDINGS AND SURVEYS Do you consume chocolates ? Which chocolate brands do you prefer ? From where do you prefer to buy chocolates ? Are you aware of the campaign Gorilla ? Which Cadbury product do you usually prefer to consume ? Do you think Cadburys products are easily available in the market ? DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Data was tabulated manually and was also analysed manually. Excel was used to make graphs and pie charts. Simple average method was used to compute the data and to get to the answers of the questions : 26 % of the people are not interested in eating the chocolates and 74 are eating chocolates. 60 % people prefer the Cadbury brand chocolates after that of Nestle, Mars, Lindt etc. Most of the people buy chocolates from the super stores and after that from retail outlets and movie halls. 54 % of the people are not aware of any brand campaign GORILLA whereas 46% are aware. This shows that the company needs to advertise more in the market. Dairy Milk is the most consumed chocolate product from Cadbury. 90% shows that the Cadbury brand chocolates are easily available in the market.